Encrypted Auction Example

Overview

This example demonstrates how to build a fully confidential auction system where bids remain encrypted throughout the bidding process. Only when the auction closes can the winner be revealed, ensuring that bidders cannot see or react to each other’s bids.

What You’ll Learn

In this example, you’ll see practical implementations of:

Encrypted input handling - Processing encrypted bid amounts
Encrypted comparisons - Finding the highest bid without revealing values
Conditional logic with select - Updating the highest bidder based on encrypted conditions
Access control management - Properly managing permissions for encrypted data
Decrypt-with-proof pattern - Using decryptForTx off-chain and publishDecryptResult on-chain to reveal the winner

How It Works

The auction follows this flow:

Initialization

The auctioneer deploys the contract, which initializes the auction with zero bid and address values, both encrypted.

Bidding Phase

Participants submit bids by sending plaintext amounts that are immediately encrypted. Each bid is compared against the current highest bid using encrypted comparison (FHE.gt), and the highest bid and bidder are updated accordingly.

Close Auction

The auctioneer closes the auction and calls FHE.allowPublic on the highest bid and bidder, making them eligible for public decryption.

Decrypt Off-Chain

Anyone can call decryptForTx off-chain to obtain the plaintext values and Threshold Network signatures for the winning bid and bidder.

Reveal Winner

The decrypted values and signatures are submitted on-chain via revealWinner, which calls FHE.publishDecryptResult to verify the proofs and store the results.

Key Concepts Demonstrated

1. Encrypted State Variables

The contract stores the highest bid and bidder as encrypted values:

euint64 private highestBid;      // Encrypted bid amount
eaddress private highestBidder;  // Encrypted bidder address

These values remain encrypted throughout the entire auction, preventing anyone from seeing the current highest bid.

2. Encrypted Comparisons and Updates

When a new bid comes in, the contract uses encrypted operations to update the highest bid:

euint64 emount = FHE.asEuint64(amount);           // Encrypt the bid
ebool isHigher = FHE.gt(emount, highestBid);      // Compare encrypted values
highestBid = FHE.max(emount, highestBid);         // Take the maximum
highestBidder = FHE.select(isHigher, newBidder, currentBidder);  // Update bidder

3. Decrypt-with-Proof Pattern

The contract demonstrates the new decryption flow: Step 1: Close auction and allow public decryption (on-chain)

FHE.allowPublic(highestBid);
FHE.allowPublic(highestBidder);

Step 2: Request decryption off-chain (client-side)

const bidResult = await client.decryptForTx(bidCtHash).withoutPermit().execute();
const bidderResult = await client.decryptForTx(bidderCtHash).withoutPermit().execute();

Step 3: Publish results on-chain with proof

FHE.publishDecryptResult(highestBid, plaintext, signature);
FHE.publishDecryptResult(highestBidder, plaintextAddress, bidderSignature);

Complete Contract Code

Here’s the full implementation of the encrypted auction contract:

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity >=0.8.19 <0.9.0;

import "@fhenixprotocol/cofhe-contracts/FHE.sol";

contract AuctionExample {
    address private auctioneer;
    euint64 private highestBid;
    eaddress private highestBidder;
    uint64 public winningBid;
    address public winningBidder;
    bool public auctionClosed;

    event BidPlaced(address indexed bidder);
    event AuctionClosed();
    event RevealedWinningBid(address winner, uint64 amount);

    modifier onlyAuctioneer() {
        require(
            msg.sender == auctioneer,
            "Only the auctioneer can call this function"
        );
        _;
    }

    constructor() {
        auctioneer = msg.sender; // Set deployer as auctioneer
        auctionClosed = false;
        highestBid = FHE.asEuint64(0);
        highestBidder = FHE.asEaddress(address(0));

        // Preserve ownership for further access
        FHE.allowThis(highestBid);
        FHE.allowThis(highestBidder);
    }

    function bid(uint256 amount) external {
        require(!auctionClosed, "Auction is closed");

        euint64 emount = FHE.asEuint64(amount);
        ebool isHigher = FHE.gt(emount, highestBid);
        highestBid = FHE.max(emount, highestBid);
        highestBidder = FHE.select(
            isHigher,
            FHE.asEaddress(msg.sender), // Encrypt the sender's address
            highestBidder
        );

        // Preserve ownership for further access
        FHE.allowThis(highestBid);
        FHE.allowThis(highestBidder);

        emit BidPlaced(msg.sender);
    }

    // Close the auction and allow public decryption
    function closeBidding() external onlyAuctioneer {
        require(!auctionClosed, "Auction is already closed");

        FHE.allowPublic(highestBid);
        FHE.allowPublic(highestBidder);
        auctionClosed = true;

        emit AuctionClosed();
    }

    // Reveal the winner by publishing decrypted results with proof
    function revealWinner(
        euint64 bidCtHash,
        uint64 bidPlaintext,
        bytes calldata bidSignature,
        eaddress bidderCtHash,
        address bidderPlaintext,
        bytes calldata bidderSignature
    ) external {
        require(auctionClosed, "Auction isn't closed");

        FHE.publishDecryptResult(bidCtHash, bidPlaintext, bidSignature);
        FHE.publishDecryptResult(bidderCtHash, bidderPlaintext, bidderSignature);

        winningBid = bidPlaintext;
        winningBidder = bidderPlaintext;
        emit RevealedWinningBid(bidderPlaintext, bidPlaintext);
    }
}

Code Walkthrough

Constructor

The constructor initializes the auction with encrypted zero values:

constructor() {
    auctioneer = msg.sender;
    auctionClosed = false;
    highestBid = FHE.asEuint64(0);
    highestBidder = FHE.asEaddress(address(0));

    // Grant contract access to these encrypted values
    FHE.allowThis(highestBid);
    FHE.allowThis(highestBidder);
}

The FHE.allowThis() calls are crucial - they grant the contract permission to access these encrypted values in future transactions.

Bidding Function

The bid() function handles incoming bids:

function bid(uint256 amount) external {
    require(!auctionClosed, "Auction is closed");

    // 1. Encrypt the bid amount
    euint64 emount = FHE.asEuint64(amount);

    // 2. Check if this bid is higher (encrypted comparison)
    ebool isHigher = FHE.gt(emount, highestBid);

    // 3. Update highest bid using max
    highestBid = FHE.max(emount, highestBid);

    // 4. Update highest bidder using select
    highestBidder = FHE.select(
        isHigher,
        FHE.asEaddress(msg.sender),
        highestBidder
    );

    // 5. Grant contract access to new encrypted values
    FHE.allowThis(highestBid);
    FHE.allowThis(highestBidder);

    emit BidPlaced(msg.sender);
}

Notice how the contract never reveals the current highest bid to bidders. All comparisons and updates happen on encrypted data, maintaining complete confidentiality throughout the bidding process.

Closing the Auction

The auctioneer closes the auction and allows public decryption of the winning bid and bidder:

function closeBidding() external onlyAuctioneer {
    require(!auctionClosed, "Auction is already closed");

    // Allow anyone to request decryption of the results
    FHE.allowPublic(highestBid);
    FHE.allowPublic(highestBidder);

    auctionClosed = true;
    emit AuctionClosed();
}

Since FHE.allowPublic is used, anyone can request decryption off-chain without needing a permit. The values are not revealed until someone submits the proof on-chain.

Revealing the Winner

The revealWinner function accepts the decrypted values and their Threshold Network signatures, then publishes them on-chain:

function revealWinner(
    euint64 bidCtHash,
    uint64 bidPlaintext,
    bytes calldata bidSignature,
    eaddress bidderCtHash,
    address bidderPlaintext,
    bytes calldata bidderSignature
) external {
    require(auctionClosed, "Auction isn't closed");

    // Verify and publish both decrypted results
    FHE.publishDecryptResult(bidCtHash, bidPlaintext, bidSignature);
    FHE.publishDecryptResult(bidderCtHash, bidderPlaintext, bidderSignature);

    winningBid = bidPlaintext;
    winningBidder = bidderPlaintext;
    emit RevealedWinningBid(bidderPlaintext, bidPlaintext);
}

FHE.publishDecryptResult verifies the Threshold Network signature before accepting the plaintext. If the signature is invalid, the transaction reverts.

Usage Flow

1. Deploy the Contract

const auction = await AuctionExample.deploy();
await auction.waitForDeployment();

2. Place Bids

await auction.connect(bidder1).bid(1000);
await auction.connect(bidder2).bid(1500);
await auction.connect(bidder3).bid(1200);

3. Close the Auction

await auction.connect(auctioneer).closeBidding();

4. Decrypt Off-Chain and Reveal the Winner

// Read the encrypted handles from the contract
const bidCtHash = await auction.highestBid();
const bidderCtHash = await auction.highestBidder();

// Request decryption off-chain (no permit needed since allowPublic was used)
const bidResult = await client
  .decryptForTx(bidCtHash)
  .withoutPermit()
  .execute();

const bidderResult = await client
  .decryptForTx(bidderCtHash)
  .withoutPermit()
  .execute();

// Submit the proofs on-chain to reveal the winner
await auction.revealWinner(
  bidResult.ctHash,
  bidResult.decryptedValue,
  bidResult.signature,
  bidderResult.ctHash,
  bidderResult.decryptedValue,
  bidderResult.signature
);

// Check the results
const winner = await auction.winningBidder();
const amount = await auction.winningBid();
console.log(`Winner: ${winner}, Bid: ${amount}`);

Key Takeaways

Privacy Throughout

Bids remain completely encrypted during the auction. No one can see the current highest bid or react to other bids.

Encrypted Comparisons

The contract uses FHE.gt(), FHE.max(), and FHE.select() to update the highest bid without decrypting values.

Access Control

Every encrypted value created must have permissions granted via FHE.allowThis() for the contract to access it later. Use FHE.allowPublic() when values are ready to be revealed.

Decrypt-with-Proof

Decryption happens off-chain via decryptForTx, and results are verified on-chain via FHE.publishDecryptResult with a Threshold Network signature.

Learn about conditional logic in Conditions
Understand decryption methods in Decryption Operations
Explore access control in Access Control

Introduction

Core Concepts

Confidential Contracts

Examples

Reference

Overview

What You’ll Learn

How It Works

Key Concepts Demonstrated

1. Encrypted State Variables

2. Encrypted Comparisons and Updates

3. Decrypt-with-Proof Pattern

Complete Contract Code

Code Walkthrough

Constructor

Bidding Function

Closing the Auction

Revealing the Winner

Usage Flow

1. Deploy the Contract

2. Place Bids

3. Close the Auction

4. Decrypt Off-Chain and Reveal the Winner

Key Takeaways

Privacy Throughout

Encrypted Comparisons

Access Control

Decrypt-with-Proof

Introduction

Core Concepts

Confidential Contracts

Examples

Reference

​Overview

​What You’ll Learn

​How It Works

​Key Concepts Demonstrated

​1. Encrypted State Variables

​2. Encrypted Comparisons and Updates

​3. Decrypt-with-Proof Pattern

​Complete Contract Code

​Code Walkthrough

​Constructor

​Bidding Function

​Closing the Auction

​Revealing the Winner

​Usage Flow

​1. Deploy the Contract

​2. Place Bids

​3. Close the Auction

​4. Decrypt Off-Chain and Reveal the Winner

​Key Takeaways

Privacy Throughout

Encrypted Comparisons

Access Control

Decrypt-with-Proof

​Related Examples

Overview

What You’ll Learn

How It Works

Key Concepts Demonstrated

1. Encrypted State Variables

2. Encrypted Comparisons and Updates

3. Decrypt-with-Proof Pattern

Complete Contract Code

Code Walkthrough

Constructor

Bidding Function

Closing the Auction

Revealing the Winner

Usage Flow

1. Deploy the Contract

2. Place Bids

3. Close the Auction

4. Decrypt Off-Chain and Reveal the Winner

Key Takeaways

Related Examples